Haɓakawa: Ma'anar | Daidaito | Ma'auni | Aikace-aikace
Wutar lantarkiyana da nisa fiye da ma'ana; shi ne tushen kashin bayan duniyarmu mai haɗin kai, cikin shiru yana ba da iko ga komai tun daga sabbin na'urorin lantarki da ke hannun ku zuwa manyan hanyoyin rarraba wutar lantarki waɗanda ke haskaka biranenmu.
Ga injiniyoyi, masana kimiyyar lissafi, da masana kimiyyar kayan aiki, ko duk wanda ke neman fahimtar halayen kwayoyin halitta da gaske, ƙwarewar aiki ba za ta yiwu ba. Wannan jagorar mai zurfi ba wai kawai tana ba da ma'anar ɗabi'a daidai ba amma har ma yana buɗe mahimmancin mahimmancinsa, bincika abubuwan da ke tasiri da shi, kuma yana nuna manyan aikace-aikacen sa a fagage daban-daban kamar semiconductor, kimiyyar kayan aiki, da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Danna kawai don bincika yadda fahimtar wannan mahimman kayan zai iya canza ilimin ku na duniyar lantarki.
Kundin Abubuwan da ke ciki:
2. Abubuwan Da Ke Tasirin Hali
4. Yadda Ake Auna Hali: Daidaituwa
5. Kayayyakin da Ake Amfani da su don Auna Ƙarfafawa
6. Aikace-aikace na Conductivity
Menene Conductivity?
Ƙarƙashin wutar lantarki (σ) wani muhimmin abu ne na zahiri wanda ke ƙididdige ƙarfin abu don tallafawa kwararar wutar lantarki.. Mahimmanci, yana ƙayyadaddun yadda sauƙin cajin dillalai, da farko free electrons a cikin karafa, zasu iya ratsa wani abu. Wannan muhimmin sifa ita ce ƙwaƙƙwaran tushen aikace-aikace marasa ƙima daga microprocessors zuwa kayan aikin wutar lantarki na birni.
A matsayin ɓangaren juzu'i na conductivity, ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki (ρ) shine adawa da kwararar yanzu. Don haka,low juriya yayi dace kai tsaye zuwa high conductivity. Madaidaicin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa don wannan ma'aunin shine Siemens a kowace mita (S/m, ko da yake millisiemens per centimeters (mS/cm) yawanci ana amfani da shi wajen nazarin sinadarai da muhalli.
Gudanarwa vs. Resistivity: Masu gudanarwa vs. Insulators
Keɓaɓɓen aiki mai ƙarfi (σ) yana zayyana kayan a matsayin masu gudanarwa, yayin da ake furta resistivity (ρ) yana ba su insulators masu kyau. Ainihin, babban bambanci a cikin sarrafa kayan abu ya samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen masu ɗaukar cajin wayar hannu.
Babban Haɓakawa (Masu Gudanarwa)
Karfe kamar tagulla da aluminium suna baje kolin aiki mai girma. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tsarin su na atomic, wanda ke fasalta babban 'teku' na electrons masu iya motsi cikin sauƙi waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi ga ɗaiɗaikun zarra. Wannan kadarar ta sa su zama makawa don haɗa wutar lantarki, layukan watsa wutar lantarki, da alamun kewayawa mai tsayi.
Idan kuna sha'awar sanin ƙarin abubuwan sarrafa wutar lantarki, jin daɗin karanta post ɗin da ke mai da hankali kan bayyanar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na duk kayan rayuwar ku.
Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafawa (Insulators)
Kayan aiki irin su roba, gilashi, da yumbu ana san su da insulators. Suna da 'yan kaɗan zuwa babu na'urorin lantarki masu kyauta, suna da ƙarfi da tsayin daka na ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan siffa ta sa su zama mahimmanci don aminci, keɓewa, da hana gajerun kewayawa a cikin duk tsarin lantarki.
Abubuwan Da Ke Tasirin Hali
Ƙarƙashin wutar lantarki shine tushen kayan abu, amma akasin kuskuren gama gari, ba ƙayyadadden lokaci ba ne. Ƙarfin wani abu don gudanar da halin yanzu na lantarki na iya zama mai zurfi da tsinkaya ta tasiri ta hanyar canjin muhalli na waje da madaidaicin aikin injiniyan abun ciki. Fahimtar waɗannan abubuwan shine ginshiƙin na'urorin lantarki na zamani, ji, da fasahar makamashi:
1. Yadda Abubuwan Waje Ke Tasirin Hali
Wurin da ke kusa da kayan yana ba da iko sosai kan motsin masu dakon sa (yawanci electrons ko ramuka). Bari mu bincika su dalla-dalla:
1. Tasirin thermal: Tasirin Zazzabi
Zazzabi mai yiwuwa shine mafi girman juriyar wutar lantarki da ɗawainiya.
Ga mafi yawancin tsaftataccen ƙarfe,conductivity yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi. Ƙarfin zafin jiki yana haifar da atom ɗin ƙarfe (lattice crystal) don girgiza tare da girman girman girma, sabili da haka, waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan girgizar lattice (ko phonons) suna ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke watsawa, yadda ya kamata ya hana sumul na valence electrons. Wannan al'amari ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wayoyi masu zafi suna haifar da asarar wutar lantarki.
Sabanin haka, a cikin semiconductor da insulators, haɓakawa yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da hauhawar zafin jiki. Ƙarar daɗaɗɗen makamashin thermal yana motsa electrons daga valence band a fadin ratar band ɗin da kuma cikin rukunin gudanarwa, don haka ƙirƙirar adadi mai yawa na masu ɗaukar cajin wayar hannu da rage yawan juriya.
2. Damuwa na Injini: Matsayin Matsi da Matsala
Aiwatar da matsi na inji na iya canza tazarar atomic da tsarin crystal na wani abu, wanda hakan ke rinjayar aiki, kuma wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci a cikin firikwensin piezoresistive.
A wasu kayan, matsa lamba na tilasta matsuguni kusa da juna, yana haɓaka juzu'in na'urorin lantarki da kuma sauƙaƙa motsin masu ɗaukar kaya, ta haka yana ƙaruwa.
A cikin kayan kamar silicon, mikewa (nauyi mai tsauri) ko matsewa (nauyin matsa lamba) na iya sake tsara makada na makamashin lantarki, yana canza ingantaccen taro da motsin masu ɗaukar kaya. Wannan madaidaicin tasirin ana yin amfani da shi a cikin ma'aunin ma'auni da masu jujjuya matsa lamba.
2. Yadda Najasa Ke Tasirin Hali
A fagen ilimin kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi da microelectronics, ana samun babban iko akan kaddarorin lantarki ta hanyar injiniyan abun ciki, da farko ta hanyar doping.
Doping shine gabatarwar da ake sarrafawa sosai na adadin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazanta (yawanci ana auna su cikin sassa kowane miliyan) zuwa cikin ingantaccen kayan gini mai tsafta, kamar silicon ko germanium.
Wannan tsari ba wai kawai ya canza aiki ba; yana daidaita nau'in jigilar kaya da maida hankali don ƙirƙirar abin da za a iya iya faɗi, halayen lantarki na asymmetric waɗanda ake buƙata don ƙididdigewa:
N-Nau'in Doping (mara kyau)
Gabatar da wani kashi tare da ƙarin valence electrons (misali, Phosphorus ko Arsenic, waɗanda ke da 5) fiye da kayan aikin gida (misali, Silicon, wanda ke da 4). Ana ba da ƙarin na'urar lantarki cikin sauƙi zuwa ga bandeji, yana mai da wutar lantarki ta zama mai ɗaukar kaya na farko.
P-Nau'in Doping (Mai kyau)
Gabatar da wani kashi tare da ƙananan valence electrons (misali, Boron ko Gallium, waɗanda ke da 3). Wannan yana haifar da guraben lantarki, ko 'rami,' wanda ke aiki azaman mai ɗaukar nauyi mai inganci.
Ikon sarrafa daidaitaccen aiki ta hanyar doping shine injin zamani na dijital:
Don na'urorin semiconductor, ana amfani dashi don samarwap-njunctions, yankuna masu aiki na diodes da transistor, waɗanda ke ba da izinin kwarara na yanzu a cikin hanya ɗaya kawai kuma suna aiki azaman ainihin abubuwan canzawa a cikin Integrated Circuits (ICs).
Don na'urorin thermoelectric, sarrafa ɗawainiya yana da mahimmanci don daidaita buƙatun kyakkyawar isar da wutar lantarki (don matsar da caji) akan ƙarancin wutar lantarki (don kula da yanayin zafin jiki) a cikin kayan da ake amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki da sanyaya.
Daga hangen nesa na ci-gaba, ana iya gyare-gyaren abubuwa ko kuma a canza su ta hanyar sinadarai don ƙirƙirar chemiresistors, waɗanda halayensu suna canzawa sosai a kan ɗaure takamaiman gas ko kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke zama tushen na'urori masu auna sinadarai.
Fahimta da daidaitaccen sarrafa ɗabi'a yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka fasahohin zamani na gaba, tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki, da haɓaka inganci a kusan kowane ɓangaren kimiyya da injiniyanci.
Rukunin Gudanarwa
Ma'aunin SI don gudanar da aiki shine Siemens a kowace mita (S/m). Duk da haka, a yawancin saitunan masana'antu da dakin gwaje-gwaje, Siemens per centimeter (S/cm) shine mafi yawan rukunin tushe. Saboda ƙimar ɗawainiya na iya ɗaukar umarni da yawa na girma, yawanci ana bayyana ma'auni ta amfani da prefixes:
1. Ana amfani da microSiemens da centimita (mS/cm) don ruwa maras ƙarfi kamar deionized ko reverse osmosis (RO) ruwa.
2. milliSiemens da centimita (mS/cm) na kowa ne don ruwan famfo, ruwa mai sarrafa ruwa, ko mafita na brackish(1 mS/cm = 1,000 μS/cm).
3. Ana yawan amfani da deciSiemens a kowace mita (dS/m) a aikin gona kuma yana daidai da mS/cm (1 dS/m = 1 mS/cm).
Yadda Ake Auna Hali: Daidaituwa
Amita aikibaya auna conductivity kai tsaye. Madadin haka, yana auna ƙarfin aiki (a cikin Siemens) sannan kuma yana ƙididdige ɗabi'a ta amfani da takamaiman na'urar firikwensin (K). Wannan akai-akai (tare da raka'a na cm-1) dukiya ce ta zahiri ta firikwensin firikwensin. Babban lissafin kayan aikin shine:
Ƙarfafawa (S/cm) = Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa (S) × Ƙimar Halitta (K, a cm⁻¹)
Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don samun wannan ma'aunin ya dogara da aikace-aikacen. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita ta haɗa da tuntuɓar na'urori masu auna firikwensin (Potentiometric), waɗanda ke amfani da na'urorin lantarki (sau da yawa graphite ko bakin karfe) waɗanda ke hulɗa da ruwa kai tsaye. Zane mai sauƙi na 2-electrode yana da tasiri don aikace-aikacen ƙananan aiki kamar ruwa mai tsabta. Mafi ci gaba 4-lantarkina'urori masu auna firikwensinbayar dadaidaitattun daidaito a cikin kewayon da ya fi faɗi kuma ba su da saurin kamuwa da kurakurai daga tsaka-tsakin lalatawar lantarki.
Don mafita masu tsauri, masu lalata, ko ƙwanƙwasa inda na'urorin lantarki zasu lalata ko lalata, firikwensin inductive (Toroidal) suna shiga cikin wasa. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ba su tuntuɓar juna sun ƙunshi coils biyu masu rauni na waya waɗanda aka lulluɓe cikin polymer mai ɗorewa. Ɗayan naɗa yana haifar da madauki na yanzu na lantarki a cikin maganin, kuma na biyu yana auna girman wannan halin yanzu, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Wannan zane yana da ƙarfi sosai saboda babu wani ɓangaren ƙarfe da aka fallasa ga tsarin.
Ma'auni na Gudanarwa da Zazzabi
Ma'aunin aiki ya dogara sosai akan zafin jiki. Yayin da yawan zafin jiki na ruwa ke ƙaruwa, ions ɗinsa ya zama mafi wayar hannu, yana haifar da auna ƙarfin aiki ya tashi (sau da yawa da ~2% a kowace °C). Don tabbatar da ma'auni daidai da kamanceceniya, dole ne a daidaita su zuwa daidaitattun zafin jiki, wanda yake a duniya25°C.
Mitoci na zamani suna yin wannan gyara ta atomatik ta amfani da wanihadeddezafin jikifirikwensin. Wannan tsari, wanda aka sani da Matsakaicin Zazzabi na atomatik (ATC), yana aiwatar da tsarin gyarawa (kamar dabarar layi).G 25 = G_t/[1+α(T-25)]) don bayar da rahoto kamar yadda aka auna a 25 ° C.
Inda:
G₂₅= Gyaran Ƙarfafawa a 25 ° C;
G_t= Raw conductivity da aka auna a tsarin zafin jikiT;
T= Yanayin da aka auna ma'auni (a cikin ° C);
α (alfa)= Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na maganin (misali, 0.0191 ko 1.91%/°C don mafita na NaCl).
Auna Ƙarfafawa tare da Dokar Ohm
Dokar Ohm, ginshiƙi na kimiyyar lantarki, tana ba da tsari mai amfani don ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki na abu (σ). Wannan ka'idayana kafa alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki (V), na yanzu (I), da juriya (R). Ta hanyar tsawaita wannan doka don haɗawa da juzu'i na zahiri na abu, ana iya samun halayensa na zahiri.
Mataki na farko shine a yi amfani da Dokar Ohm (R = V/I) zuwa takamaiman samfurin kayan aiki. Wannan yana buƙatar ɗaukar ma'auni daidai guda biyu: ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi a kan samfurin da kuma halin yanzu da ke gudana ta cikinsa sakamakon. Rabon waɗannan dabi'u guda biyu suna haifar da jimlar juriyar wutar lantarki na samfurin. Wannan juriya mai ƙididdigewa, duk da haka, ta keɓance ga girman wannan samfurin da siffarsa. Don daidaita wannan ƙima da ƙayyade ƙayyadaddun halayen kayan, dole ne mutum yayi lissafin girmansa na zahiri.
Abubuwa biyu masu mahimmanci na geometric sune tsayin samfurin (L) da yanki na giciye (A). An haɗa waɗannan abubuwan cikin tsari guda ɗaya: σ = L / (R^A).
Wannan ma'auni da kyau yana fassara ma'auni, kayan juriya na waje zuwa asali, ainihin kayan aiki. Yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa daidaiton lissafin ƙarshe ya dogara kai tsaye ga ingancin bayanan farko. Duk wani kura-kurai na gwaji a auna V, I, L, ko A zai lalata ingancin aikin ƙirƙira.
Kayayyakin da Ake Amfani da su don Auna Ƙarfafawa
A cikin sarrafa tsarin masana'antu, kula da ruwa, da masana'antar sinadarai, ƙarfin lantarki ba kawai ma'auni ba ne; ma'aunin sarrafawa ne mai mahimmanci. Samun ingantattun bayanai, masu maimaitawa baya fitowa daga kayan aiki guda ɗaya, mai amfani duka. Madadin haka, yana buƙatar gina cikakken tsarin daidaitacce inda aka zaɓi kowane sashi don takamaiman aiki.
Tsarin aiki mai ƙarfi ya ƙunshi sassa na farko guda biyu: mai sarrafawa (kwakwalwa) da firikwensin (hankali), duka biyun dole ne a goyan bayan su ta hanyar daidaitawa mai kyau da diyya.
1. Mabuɗin: Mai Gudanar da Haɓakawa
Babban cibiya na tsarin shinedakan layiconductivity mai kula, wanda ke yin fiye da nuna ƙima kawai. Wannan mai sarrafa yana aiki azaman “kwakwalwa,” yana ƙarfafa firikwensin, sarrafa siginar ɗanyen, da kuma sa bayanai suyi amfani. Babban ayyukanta sun haɗa da:
① Matsalolin Zazzabi ta atomatik (ATC)
Gudanarwa yana da matukar damuwa ga zafin jiki. Mai sarrafa masana'antu, kamarSUP-TDS210-Bko kumahigh-madaidaiciSUP-EC8.0, yana amfani da haɗe-haɗen zafin jiki don gyara kowane karatu ta atomatik zuwa ma'aunin 25°C. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don daidaito.
② Fitarwa da Ƙararrawa
Waɗannan raka'a suna fassara ma'auni zuwa siginar 4-20mA don PLC, ko kunna relays don ƙararrawa da sarrafa famfo.
③ Matsalolin Calibration
An saita mai sarrafawa tare da kayan aikin software don yin aiki na yau da kullun, sauƙi mai sauƙi.
2. Zabar Sensor Dama
Sashe mafi mahimmanci shine zaɓin da kuka yi game da firikwensin (ko bincike), saboda dole ne fasaharsa ta dace da kaddarorin ruwan ku. Amfani da firikwensin da ba daidai ba shine dalili na ɗaya na gazawar auna.
Don Tsabtataccen Ruwa & Tsarin RO (Ƙarancin Ƙarfafawa)
Don aikace-aikace irin su reverse osmosis, deionized water, ko boiler feedwater, ruwan ya ƙunshi ions kaɗan. Anan, firikwensin halayen electrode biyu (kamardaSaukewa: SUP-TDS7001) shine zabi mai kyautoaunada conductivity na ruwa. Ƙirar sa yana ba da babban hankali da daidaito a waɗannan ƙananan matakan gudanarwa.
Don Gabaɗaya Manufa & Ruwan Shara (Tsakiya zuwa Babban Haɓaka)
A cikin dattin mafita, mai ɗauke da daskararrun daskararru ko samun kewayon ma'auni mai faɗi (kamar ruwan sha, ruwan famfo, ko lura da muhalli), na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna da saurin lalacewa. A irin wannan yanayin, na'urar firikwensin electrode hudu kamardaSaukewa: SUP-TDS7002 shine mafificin mafita. Wannan ƙira ba ta da tasiri ta hanyar ginawa a saman filayen lantarki, yana ba da fa'ida, mafi kwanciyar hankali, da ingantaccen karatu a cikin yanayi masu canzawa.
Don Harsh Chemicals & Slurries (M & High Conductivity)
Lokacin auna kafofin watsa labaru masu tsauri, irin su acid, tushe, ko slurries masu ɓarna, na'urorin lantarki na gargajiya na ƙarfe za su lalace kuma su gaza cikin sauri. Maganin shine firikwensin inductive (toroidal) mara lamba kamardaSaukewa: SUP-TDS6012jeri. Wannan firikwensin yana amfani da coils guda biyu masu lullube don jawowa da auna halin yanzu a cikin ruwa ba tare da wani ɓangare na firikwensin ya taɓa shi ba. Wannan yana sa shi kusan ba shi da kariya daga lalata, lalata, da lalacewa.
3. Tsarin: Tabbatar da Tsare Tsawon Lokaci
Ana kiyaye amincin tsarin ta hanya ɗaya mai mahimmanci: daidaitawa. Mai sarrafawa da firikwensin, komai girman ci gaba, dole ne a duba shi akan asanitunanimafita(ma'aunin gudanarwa) don tabbatar da daidaito. Wannan tsari yana rama kowane ƙaramin firikwensin tuƙi ko ɓarna akan lokaci. Kyakkyawan mai sarrafawa, kamardaSUP-TDS210-C, ya sa wannan ya zama hanya mai sauƙi, tsarin menu.
Cimma madaidaicin ma'aunin ɗabi'a lamari ne na ƙirar tsarin wayo. Yana buƙatar daidaita mai sarrafawa mai hankali tare da fasahar firikwensin da aka gina don takamaiman aikace-aikacenku.
Menene mafi kyawun abu don gudanar da wutar lantarki?
Mafi kyawun abu don gudanar da wutar lantarki shine azurfa mai tsabta (Ag), yana alfahari da mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki na kowane nau'i. Duk da haka, babban farashin sa da kuma halin tantanin (oxidize) yana iyakance aikace-aikacen sa mai yaduwa. Don mafi yawan amfani mai amfani, jan ƙarfe (Cu) shine ma'auni, saboda yana ba da mafi kyawun aiki na biyu akan farashi mai rahusa kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai, yana mai da shi manufa don wayoyi, injina, da masu canza wuta.
Akasin haka, zinari (Au), duk da kasancewarsa ƙasa da azurfa da jan ƙarfe, yana da mahimmanci a cikin na'urorin lantarki don lambobi masu ƙarfi, masu ƙarancin ƙarfi saboda yana da juriyar lalata (inertness na sinadarai), wanda ke hana lalata sigina akan lokaci.
A ƙarshe, ana amfani da aluminum (Al) don dogon nisa, layukan watsa wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi saboda ƙarancin nauyi da ƙarancin farashi yana ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci, duk da ƙarancin ƙarfin aiki ta ƙara idan aka kwatanta da jan karfe.
Aikace-aikace na Conductivity
A matsayin ainihin ikon kayan abu don isar da wutar lantarki, ƙayyadaddun wutar lantarki muhimmin abu ne wanda ke tafiyar da fasaha. Aikace-aikacen sa ya ƙunshi komai daga manyan abubuwan samar da wutar lantarki zuwa ƙananan sikelin lantarki da kula da muhalli. A ƙasa akwai mahimman aikace-aikacen sa inda wannan kadara ke da mahimmanci:
Wuta, Lantarki, da Kerawa
Babban haɓakawa shine ginshiƙi na duniyar wutar lantarki, yayin da sarrafawar sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin masana'antu.
Wutar Lantarki da Waya
Manyan kayan aiki kamar jan karfe da aluminium sune ma'aunin wutar lantarki da layukan wuta mai nisa. Karancin juriyarsu yana rage girman I2R (Joule) asarar dumama, tabbatar da ingantaccen watsa makamashi.
Electronics da Semiconductors
A ƙaramin matakin, alamun gudanarwa a kan Bugawan da'ira (PCBs) da masu haɗin kai suna samar da hanyoyin sigina. A cikin semiconductors, ana sarrafa sarrafa siliki daidai (doped) don ƙirƙirar transistor, tushen duk haɗaɗɗun da'irori na zamani.
Electrochemistry
Wannan filin yana dogara ne akan ion conductivity na electrolytes. Wannan ka'ida ita ce injin don batura, ƙwayoyin mai, da hanyoyin masana'antu kamar electroplating, tace ƙarfe, da samar da chlorine.
Kayayyakin Haɗe-haɗe
Ana ƙara masu sarrafa abubuwa (kamar carbon ko filaye na ƙarfe) zuwa polymers don ƙirƙirar abubuwan haɗaka tare da takamaiman kayan lantarki. Ana amfani da waɗannan don kariya ta lantarki (EMI) don kare na'urori masu mahimmanci da kuma kariya ta lantarki (ESD) a masana'anta.
Kulawa, Aunawa, da Bincike
Ma'aunin aiki yana da mahimmanci kamar kayan kanta, yana aiki azaman kayan aikin nazari mai ƙarfi.
Ingancin Ruwa da Kula da Muhalli
Ma'aunin aiki shine hanya ta farko don tantance tsaftar ruwa da salinity. Tun da narkar da ionic daskararru (TDS) haɓaka haɓaka kai tsaye, ana amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina don saka idanu akan ruwan sha,sarrafaruwan sharar gidamagani, da kuma tantance lafiyar kasa a harkar noma.
Likita Diagnostics
Jikin ɗan adam yana aiki akan siginar bioelectrical. Fasahar likitanci kamar Electrocardiography (ECG) da Electroencephalography (EEG) suna aiki ta hanyar auna ma'aunin wutar lantarki na mintina da ions ke gudanarwa a cikin jiki, yana ba da damar gano yanayin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini.
Na'urori masu sarrafa tsari
A cikin sinadaraikumaabincimasana'antu, Ana amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina don saka idanu akan matakai a cikin ainihin lokaci. Suna iya gano canje-canje a cikin taro, gano mu'amala tsakanin ruwaye daban-daban (misali, a cikin tsaftataccen tsarin wuri), ko gargaɗin ƙazanta da gurɓatawa.
FAQs
Q1: Menene bambanci tsakanin conductivity da resistivity?
A: Conductivity (σ) ikon abu ne don ba da izinin wutar lantarki, wanda aka auna a Siemens a kowace mita (S/m). Resistivity (ρ) shine ikonsa na adawa da halin yanzu, wanda aka auna a cikin Ohm-meters (Ω⋅m). Matsalolin lissafi ne kai tsaye (σ=1/ρ).
Q2: Me yasa karafa ke da high conductivity?
A: Karfe suna amfani da haɗin gwiwar ƙarfe, inda valence electrons ba a ɗaure su da kowane zarra guda ɗaya. Wannan yana samar da “teku na electrons” da aka karkata wanda ke motsawa cikin yardar rai ta cikin kayan, cikin sauƙin ƙirƙirar halin yanzu lokacin da ake amfani da wutar lantarki.
Q3: Za a iya canza yanayin aiki?
A: Ee, aiki mai ƙarfi yana da matukar kulawa ga yanayin waje. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su sune zafin jiki (hawan yanayin zafi yana rage ƙarfin aiki a cikin karafa amma yana ƙaruwa a cikin ruwa) da kasancewar ƙazanta (wanda ke kawo cikas ga kwararar lantarki a cikin ƙarfe ko ƙara ions zuwa ruwa).
Q4: Menene ke sa kayan kamar roba da gilashin insulators masu kyau?
A: Waɗannan kayan suna da ƙarfi covalent ko ionic bond inda duk valence electrons ake riƙe tam. Ba tare da electrons kyauta don motsawa ba, ba za su iya goyan bayan wutar lantarki ba. An san wannan da samun babban “tazarin rukunin makamashi.”
Q5: Yaya ake auna ƙarfin aiki a cikin ruwa?
A: Mita tana auna halayen ionic daga narkar da gishiri. Bincikensa yana amfani da wutar lantarki AC zuwa ruwa, yana haifar da narkar da ions (kamar Na+ ko Cl-) don motsawa da ƙirƙirar halin yanzu. Mitar tana auna wannan halin yanzu, tana daidaita yanayin zafi ta atomatik, kuma tana amfani da “tsayin tantanin halitta” na firikwensin don ba da rahoton ƙimar ƙarshe (yawanci a cikin μS/cm).
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-24-2025